Organizational Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organizational Communication - Research Paper Example It also aims to promote harmony in the workplace through effective organizational communication. Gender Differences in Communication as Molded by Socialization. Men and women are known to be wired differently in many aspects but also in terms of communication. Such gender differences are solidified in their lifetime as they are treated differently from birth. Rasquinha & Mouly (2005) contend that from the time they are born, baby girls are considered fragile and they are exposed to delicate language and handled very gently. Boys, on the other hand, are exposed to strong tones and power-filled language and are handled less gently as they are tossed in the air and held upright from a younger age to demonstrate their power and strength. The Sociolinguistic Subculture Approach suggest that boys and girls grow up in essentially different talk subcultures resulting from the differing expectations parents and peers direct toward them about acceptable ways to talk (Maltz and Borker, 1982). C hildren as young as two classify themselves and other people as belonging to one of two genders. By age three, girls develop skills at talking earlier than boys and these talking skills are utilized to explore relationships with others. They are more likely than boys to deploy language strategies that demonstrate attentiveness, responsiveness, and support (Leaper, 1991). They develop intimate relationships by selecting a â€Å"best friend† and use language to find common ground with that friend. Boys at the same age are not as verbal. They use more strategies that demand attention, give orders, and establish dominance (Leaper, 1991). They engage in group activities with other boys and test out their ‘high’ and ‘low’ status roles: â€Å"I’m the leader†, â€Å"you follow me†, etc. They establish positions among the group and they are apparently louder, more physical and less verbal than girls (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). By the age o f 7, children have acquired gender constancy (Kohlberg & Zigler, 1967) and knowledge of gender-role stereotypes (Huston, 1983; Martin, 1989). As they transition to middle childhood, interaction strategies become more gender-differentiated. Whereas girls become more competent in collaborative strategies, boys stick to their reliance on domineering influence strategies. Bakan (1966) explained that boys are taught to value autonomy, competition and linear problem solving and such values are expressed by the encouragement of self-assertion and self-expansion (Mason, 1994). They grow up learning that information and communication relationships can be used to obtain power. On the other hand, girls are socialized to be more communal, valuing relationships and collaboration. Mason (1994) argued that the communal orientation is characterized by concern, selflessness, consideration for others and a desire to be one with them. Girls learn that communication is one avenue where relational bonds are strengthened, thus they learn to value it well (Chodorow, 1989). Tannen (cited in Rasquinha & Mouly,

Recreation and Sports Essay Example for Free

Recreation and Sports Essay Fun-Spot Fun Park began as a small amusement park in 1985. Starting with nothing more than a merry-go-round, a slide, pony rides, and an ice cream stand, Fun-Spot has grown into a popular family attraction with 20 rides, a restaurant, and an outdoor performing arts theater. My wife, Lisa, and I didnt know what we were getting into, commented Peter Smith, the owner. We just knew that weekenders coming to the lakes in our village represented a potential un-served market. Today, thousands of visitors come to Fun-Spot: families, children of all ages, and even senior citizens who enjoy walking through the gardens and arbor. Theres something here for everyone, Peter said with a smile. Dozens of companies hold annual company picnics here. We have welcomed class field trips. And we even had one wedding here at the park! Heres the funny thing, Peter chimed in. We really dont know why weve been so successful! There is nothing else like Fun-Spot Fun Park in the area. We were just lucky. I think its the ambience of the park that has brought so many visitors, Lisa added. We provide a total package of entertainment. Plus, we try to change our rides and various attractions from time to time. Peter and Lisa admitted that making every visitor happy is a priority. That has always been our philosophy, they said. Like it says on the entrance to the park, Were here to make you happy! And weve always been able to deliver on that because weve never allowed ourselves to grow too big too quickly. Essay Questions: 1.How should Peter design a strategic plan for Fun-Spot ? 2.Explain how Peter can use the Product-Market Expansion Grid to plan for the expansion/future growth of Fun Spot?

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay In this project I will talk about starting of history of the algebra which is one of most important branches of arithmetic and Founder of the algebra and meaning of algebra and its benefit of our daily life, how we can learn and teach best way. History of algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. although inventor is Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad Musa al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi , who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala (algebra equations opposite) ,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the v erb  jabara,   to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians.1 Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. mmmmmmmm Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it. 1. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. Algebra  is  an Arabic word  and  a branch  of  mathematics  and  its name  came from  the book  world of  mathematics, astronomy and  traveller  Muhammad ibn Musa  Khurazmi  (short book,  in the calculation of  algebra  and  interview)  which was submitted  by the  governing  algebraic  operations  to find solutions  to  linear and  quadratic  equations. The  algebra  is three branches of  basic  math  in addition to  geometry  and mathematical analysis  and the  theory of  numbers  and  permutations  and combinations.  And takes care of  this  science  to study  algebraic  structures  and symmetries, including, relations  and  quantities. And  algebra  is the  concept of  a broader  and more comprehensive  account  of the  primary  or  reparation.  It  does not  deal  with  numbers, but also  formulate dealings  with  symbols, variables and  categories  as well.  And  formulate Alibdehyat  algebra  and  relations  by which  can  represent any  phenomenon  in the universe.  So  is one of the  fundamentals  governing the  methods  of proof The Start of Algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi (Hovarezmi), who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the verb  jabara,  to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians. Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? Mathematics is one of the first things you learn in life. Even as a baby you learn to count. Starting from that tiny age you will start to learn how to use building blocks how to count and then move on to drawing objects and figures. All of these things are important preparation to doing algebra.. We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it.2 - 2. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. about How to learn algebra the easy way. Algebra is not that difficult as everyone thinks. With some practice hard work anyone can master it. How to learn algebra easy way The learning of any subject needs to understand well, and algebra is not exception to other branches of maths , as we know the maths is first thing we learn before anything else even before we go to school ,therefore it is easier than other subjects in my opinion . And started counting fingers even when you buying sweet .every one of us has knowledge of some collections like books ,cars, and so on ,it is good to use as groups we know as rats, cow ,pen . Some student surprise if you say 5x+4=24 but it will be easy to say 5cars=20 £ how much the price of one car? When we use variable numbers and letters instead of numbers only it is algebra, truly it is very fun and easy if we make more effort with understanding. To understand it needs to make more practice and follow up the rules, addition ,subtraction, multiplication, division and equality of equations because changing sign from side to side is very important and algebra is not exception to other branch of maths . Understanding and practice whenever you make more practice sure you will be mathematician person ,it is not difficult as many people afraid or think 1 LEARN ALGEBRA THE EASY WAY : The key to learn and understand Mathematics is to practice and Algebra is no exception. Understanding the concepts is very vital, without which you are going to have difficulty learning algebra. Algebra helps in problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and applying solid strategies which is important in your day to day life especially in a  job  atmosphere. Consider Algebra to be a game and you would find how easy it is, youll see the miracle ! 2 There are several techniques that can be followed to learn Algebra the easy way. Learning algebra from the textbook can be boring. Though textbooks are necessary it doesnt always address the need for a conceptual approach. There are certain techniques that can be used to learn algebra the fun and easy way. Listed below are some of the techniques that can be used. Do some online research and you will be surprised to find a whole bunch of websites that offer a variety of fun learning methods which makes learning algebra a pleasant experience and not a nightmare. But the key is to take your time in doing a thorough research before you choose the method that is best for you, or you can do a combination of different methods if you are a person who looks for variety to boost your interest. 3 1. ANIMATED ALGEBRA : You can learn the basic principles of algebra through this method. Animation method teaches the students the concepts by helping them integrate both teaching methods. When the lessons are animated you actually learn more ! 2. ALGEBRA QUIZZES : You can use softwares and learn at your own pace best of all you dont need a tutor to use it. What you really need is something that can help you with your own homework, not problems it already has programmed into it that barely look like what your teacher or professor was trying to explain. You can enter in your own algebra problems, and it works with you to solve them faster make them easier to understand. 3. INTERACTIVE ALGEBRA : There are several Interactive Algebra plugins that allows the user to  explore  Algebra by changing variables and see what happens. This promotes an understanding of how you arrive at answers. There are websites that provide online algebra help and worksheets. They also provide interactive online  games  and practice problems and provide the algebra help needed. It is difficult to recommend better methods for studying and for learning because the best methods vary from person to person. Instead, I have provided several ideas which can be the foundation to a good study program. If you just remember all the rules and procedures without truly understanding the concepts, you will no doubt have difficulty learning algebra. So the magic word is concept. The above techniques can help you in learning the concepts without pain in a fun environment Read more:  How to learn algebra the easy way ! | eHow.com  http://www.ehow.com/how_4452787_learn-algebra-easy-way.html#ixzz1M8en5qcH BIBLOGRAPHY

Gun Control Essay examples -- Argumentative Firearms Essays Papers Wea

Gun Control Gun control is an issue that many are faced with daily. Parents are concerned about the safety of their children more now than before. Some want gun control and some do not. I am against gun control because I believe if properly educated about a gun, anyone can use it to a certain extent. I know gun control laws would help cut back on the store robberies, bank robberies, gang shootings, etc. Gun laws that restrict the sale of handguns would help keep handguns out of criminals’ hands. I understand the beliefs of some who feel that by banning guns the streets and communities would be a much safer place. Gun control laws are not the cure-all for all of society’s problems. Yes, they would cut back on many crimes, but they will not completely â€Å"cure† all of them. People who are for gun control commonly base their decision on myths. Here are just a few of the many myths about gun control:  ¥ Gun Control Saves Lives  ¥ Guns Should be Banned Because They Kill Thousands of People Each Year  ¥ Gun Control Reduces Crime Above are just three of the many myths of gun control. Let’s take a closer look at each one of these. Gun Control Saves Lives â€Å"The truth is gun control costs lives, as evidenced by cities which enforce near total bans on firearms ownership. That’s because criminals don’t obey gun control or any other kind of laws. This means that citizens who do are effectively rendered defenseless.† (â€Å"Saves Lives†) How can a waiting period help an innocent person that is being stalked or threatened? Does prohibiting a person from carrying a gun keep them safe from rapists or attackers? How do any of the gun control laws keep you safe? Which one would save your life if you were being attacked ri... ...ral to the ‘Gun Control’ Movement.† Educational. 5 March 2001 http://spot.colorado.edu/~tiemann/guns.html â€Å"Dr. Tim Wheeler Interview.† Online Posting of Interview. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Resource/dr_tim_wheeler_interview.htm â€Å"Gun Control Saves Lives.† Online Posting. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Myths/gun_control_saves_lives_the_trut.htm â€Å"Guns Kill Thousands Every Year.† Online Posting. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Myths/50,000.htm Madden, Russell. â€Å"The Myth of Gun Violence.† The Laissez Faire City Times, Vol. 4, No 9, February 28, 2000. Polsby, Daniel D., and Dennis Brennen. â€Å"Taking Aim at Gun Control.† The Heartland Institute Web page. 5 March 2001 http://teapot.usask.ca/cdn-firearms/Polsby/gcsumm.html â€Å"Ten Myths about Gun Control.† Homepage. 5 March 2001 http://www.arachne-web.com/shooting/10myths.htm

Instructional Materials in english

At the end of this module, you are expected to write a reflective essay which ill be graded based on criteria presented at the latter part of the module. As you do the following tasks, you will be guided by the essential question. â€Å"How are preferences, feelings, and insights communicated in a reflective essay? Welcome to Module 2! Johanna Mae Y. Arena Activity 1: What lies beneath the Ink? Below are questions you have to answer. Each question represents a concept or idea which is about to be discussed in this module. Don't leave any item unanswered! From â€Å"Once More Eremite† by Vaccination De la Tore 1 .Before the International Monetary' Fund (MIFF) conference, which â€Å"sprouted† there live-star hotels. Manila Hilton was the place to be seen at. 2. Noted journalist Carmen Guerdon Nanking, who is a native of Eremite, points out that Eremite was then a Toga Village peopled by free, energetic and handsome Malay who drank whine, wore gold bangles and treated ea ch other and the Spanish newcomers with exquisite courtesy. 3. Those, whose beliefs in religion, in life, in just anything are unorthodox, air their views in Eremite's Coffee Shops. 1-9 For items 1-9, do the following: 1. Underline the antecedent used in the statement. . Circle the relative pronoun; and Underline the relative clause twice. 3. 1-3 Before the International Monetary Fund (MIFF) conference, which â€Å"sprouted† other five-star hotels, Manila Hilton was the place to be seen at. Noted journalist Carmen Guerdon Nanking, who is a native of Eremite, points out that Eremite was then a Toga Village peopled by free, energetic and 7-9 Those, whose beliefs in religion, in life, in just anything are unorthodox, air 10. A type of essay which aims to reflect on a personal event or experienced of the author called a a. Persuasive essay b. Reflective essay c. Narrative essay d. Harasser sketch Johanna Mae Y. Erne 2 Processing points This activity will not be recorded, however your score is important to diagnose whether you have background knowledge of the topic. Activity 2: Reflective Circles What is a reflective essay? Try to dissect the idea using the Venn diagram below: Reflection Essay 3 Activity 3: Photo Reflection Below are interesting pictures that have to do with activities (both academic and leisure) in school. Fill out the table below. Write whatnot remember the most about the pictures. Fill out the table below: What is the picture all about? What does the picture remind you of?Activity 4: Transport Below are comments about transportation vehicles. Write the transport talked about. (motor vehicle, plane, boat, train, tricycle, etc. ) Put a plus mark (+), if the remark made positive one or put a minus sign G) if it is a negative one or a statement of disapproval. a. My goodness! The noise it makes before it takes off is deafening because it has to gather speed so it can get off the ground. B. I'll take this ride anytime. It is big. It does not r ock with the waves. Besides that, it is very comfortable just like a floating hotel. C. Those smoke belching vehicles should be banned from the streets.They pollute the air. Moreover they endanger our health. D. That power steering device makes driving very comfortable because the driver does not have to shift gears anymore. The machine helps him do it. 4 e. This is the fastest and cheapest way to travel. It's fast for it has its own tracks to run on, hence it does not get caught up in traffic. F. They tie up traffic; not only that, they are also very noisy. They should be allowed only on the side streets. Isn't it dangerous to go out to sea in that craft since it has only one outrigger? Won't it capsize in rough seas because it is not balanced?Activity 5: COHO -COHO train! Read the following questions. Copy your answers in your notebook. 1. What is the modern-day train model? 2. How does it differ from the other means of land travel? 3. What advantages does a train have over other land transports? 4. What are some of the disadvantages? 5. What comes into your mind when you hear the word train? Write your answers in the graphic organizer below. 5 Activity 6: The Question is Fill out the chart below. Important question about reflective essay Next important question Third important Least important Processing point C] Why is it your most important question? Activity 7: Check My Question! You have selected the most important question in Activity 6, now it is time to make an evaluation of your chosen question using the checklist below: Write your question here: Start evaluating your chosen question here: Characteristics of Essential Question Expressed Not Expressed . It has no simple â€Å"right† answer. It could be argued. 2. 3. It provokes critical thinking. 4. It raises other important questions. It is related to life. 5. Are all the characteristics expressed in your chosen question? If so, then your question is an essential question!If not, try selecting another question and repeat the process enumerated in this activity. The correct answer is â€Å"How are preferences, feelings, and insights communicated in a reflective essay? 7 Reflective essay is a type of essay aimed to reflect personal event or experience Of the author. The main condition is that it has to be a certain personal experience on which the author expresses his very own perception about life. This experience or event is revealed in the essay in order to demonstrate its importance for understanding social relations and the essence of people.Structure of a Reflective Essay Here is a probable scheme of a reflective essay: ; The aim of the opening paragraph is to get the reader involved in the authors expression of ideas including interesting details and personal experiences. The style must be very vivid and must appeal to the reader. ; The middle part reveals a good variety Of the author's ideas on the topic. ; The concluding sentences summarize the main ideas and exp eriences highlighted in the essay. The author makes a reflection of his general perception of the given topic.The introductory paragraph is used for describing the background of your topic, your role in it, and the reasons for choosing it. It is also important to mention your aim and goals for developing the reflective essay writing. In the u porting paragraphs you will explain the process of working on the reflective essay from its initial research to the final stages. Be sure to pay attention to both the weak and strong points; positive and negative experiences and any associated feelings. 8 To conclude your reflective essay efficiently, answer these questions: ; Did you achieve your goals? What would you like to change if you had another chance? ; What useful expertise have you obtained from the task? ; How could it be improved? Activity 8: Vocabulary in a Flash Below are phrases you will encounter while reading the essay ‘ ‘The World in a Train † by Francisco C asino. What do you mean by a. Small world b. Abstraction called humanity c. Without regard to hygiene d. Hard- fought battle e. Fashion so distasteful complete indifference 9 One Sunday I entrained for Baling, a town in Vulcan which can well afford to hold two fiestas a year without a qualm. Kook the train partly because am prejudiced in favor of the government owned railroad, partly because I am allowed comparative comfort in a coach, and finally because trains sometimes leave and arrive according to schedule. In the coach I found a little world, a section of the abstraction called humanity homo we are supposed to love and live for. Had previously arranged to divide the idle hour or so between cultivating my neglected Christianity and smoothing out the rough edges of my nature with the aid of grateful sights without -? the rolling wheels, the flying huts and trees and light-green play seedlings and carbons along the way.Inertia, I suppose, and the sort of reality we moderns know ma ke falling in love with my immediate neighbors often a matter of severe strain and effort to me. Let me give a sketchy picture of the little world whose company Mans Koki shared in moments which soon passed away affecting most of us. First, there came to my notice three husky individuals who dusted their seats furiously with their handkerchiefs without regard to hygiene or the brotherhood of men. It gave me no little annoyance that on such a quiet morning the unpleasant aspects in other people's ways should claim my attention.Then there was a harmless-looking middle-aged man in green camas De chino with rolled sleeves who must have entered asleep. When I noticed him he was already snuggly entrenched in a corner seat, with his slipped feet comfortably planted on the opposite seat, all the while his head danced and dangled with the motion of the train. I could not, for the love of me, imagine how he would look if he were awake. A child of six in the next seat must have shared with me in speculating about the dreams of this sleeping man in green.Was he dreaming of the Second World War or the price of eggs? Had he any worries about the permanent dominion status or the final outcome of the struggles of the masses, or was it merely the arrangement of the scales on a fighting roaster's legs that brought that frown on his face? But the party that most engaged my attention was a family of eight composed of a short but efficient father, four very young children, mother, grandmother, and another woman who must have been the efficient father's sister.They distributed themselves on four benches – you know the kind of seats facing each other so that half the passengers travel backward. The more I looked at the short but young and efficient father the shorter his parts looked to me. His movements were fast and short, too. He removed his coat, folded it carefully and slung it on the back of his seat. Then he pulled out his wallet from the hip pocket and counted his mon ey while his wife and the rest of his group watched the ritual without a word.Then the short, young, and efficient father stood up and pulled out two nana leaf bundles from a bamboo basket and spread out both bundles on one bench and log luncheon was ready at ten o'clock. With the efficient father leading the charge, the children (except the baby in his grandmother's arms) began to dig away with little encouragement and aid from the elders. In a short while the skirmish was over, the enemy – shrimps, omelet, rice and tomato sauce – were routed out, save for a few shrimps and some rice left for the grandmother to handle in her own style later.Then came the water- fetching ritual. The father, with a glass in hand, led the march to the train acute, followed by three children whose faces still showed the marks of a hard-fought-battle. In passing between me and a person, then engaged in a casual conversation with me, the short but efficient father made a courteous gesture w hich is still good to see in these democratic days; he bent from the hips and, dropping both hands, made an opening in the air between my collector and me – a gesture which in unspoiled places means â€Å"Excuse Me. 10 In one of the stations where the train stopped, a bent old woman in black boarded the train. As it moved away, the old woman went about the coach, egging holding every prospective Samaritan by the arm, and stretching forth her gnarled hand in the familiar fashion So distasteful to me at that time. There is something in begging which destroys some fiber in most men. â€Å"Every time you drop a penny into a beggar's palm you help degrade a man and make it more difficult for him to rise with dignity..There was something in his beggar's eye which seemed to demand. â€Å"Now do your duty. † And did. Wily-nil I dropped a coin and thereby filled my life with repulsion. Is this Christianity? â€Å"Blessed are the poor But with what speed did that bent old Oma n cross the platform into the next coach! While thus engaged in unwholesome thought, felt myself jerked as the train made a curve to the right. The toddler of the family of eight lost his balance and caught the short but efficient father off-guard.In an instant all his efficiency was employed in collecting the shrieking toddler from under his seat. The child had, in no time, developed two elongated bumps on the head, upon which was applied a moist piece of cloth. There were no reproaches, no words spoken. The discipline in the family was remarkable, or was it because they considered the head as a minor anatomical appendage and was Hereford nor worth the fuss?Occasionally, when the child's crying rose above the din of the locomotive and the clinkers-clank of the wheels on the rails, the father would jog about a bit without blushing, look at the bumps on his child's head, shake his own, and move his lips saying, â€Å"Task, Task†. And nothing more. Fairly tired of assuming the minor responsibilities of my neighbors in this little world in motion, I looked into the distant horizon where the blue Cordilleras merged into the blue of the sky. There rested my thoughts upon the billowing silver and grey of the clouds, lightly remarking upon their being a Arial to us, although they may not know it.We each would mind our own business and suffer in silence for the littlest mistakes of others; laughing at their ways if we happened to be in a position to suspend our emotion and view the whole scene as a god would; or, we could weep for other men if we are the mood to shed copious tears over the whole tragic aspect of a world thrown out of joint. It is strange how human sympathy operates. We assume an attitude of complete indifference to utter strangers whom we have seen but not met. We claim that they are the hardest to fall in love with in the normal exercise of Christian charity.

Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Example

Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Example Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Transpiration Lab Write Up Purpose/Question: How do environmental factors affect the transpiration process in plants? Research: Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the engine that pulls water up from the roots to supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total), bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf, and cool the leaf. There are four different conditions that affect transpiration. They are wind, humidity, heat, and light. These four conditions may change rate of water loss through transpiration by either losing more water, or less. Plants have adapted to create the C4, and CAM pathway. In the both pathway the plant takes CO2 and stored. Since CO2 can be taken up and stored for later use in photosynthesis, the plant reduces water loss by having less stomata open during the day since most of its needed CO2 has already been taken up at night. With the abundance of CO2 stored, the plant can then use the stored CO2 for photosynthesis and reducing photorespiration by reducing or completely eliminating accidental O2 uptake. Materials: 1) 5 small plants 2) Fish tank 3) Water spray bottle 4) Water 5) Heat lamp 6) Fan 7) Regular lamp 8) Mass weighter ) Place to record weight Procedure: Place Lamp, Heat lamp, fan, and fish tank in different areas where they won’t affect the other. Spray the fish tank with water and to make a humid environment and keep spraying everyday to ensure the tank is wet. Water all of your plants. Weigh all the plants on the original day, Monday, and record the weight. Place a plant in every condition. With the extra plant, place it in an area without a specific condition to use as a control plan t. Do not water the plants the rest of the week. Every day, weigh the plants and record its water loss for every plant. At the end of the week, create a chart for the amount of water loss and compare with the control plant. Data Table: Days | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Windy| 108. 2mg| 101. 1mg| 94. 1mg| 89. 7mg| 81. 7mg| Humidity| 103. 8mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 1mg| Light| 118. 8mg| 112. 1mg| 105. 0mg| 98. 4mg| 92. 9mg| Heat| 104. 3mg| 95. 8mg| 86. 8mg| 78. 7mg| 70. 1mg| Control| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| Analysis: Conclusion: Environmental factors, such as heat, humidity, light and wind, affect the rate of transpiration by making the plant loose either more or less water. In conditions such as wind, when there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air. The opposite of that is the humidity where the plant lost very little water. It lost very little water because its environment was wet, so the plant did not need to diffuse much water. In heat, the air was hot and dry, so the plant lost water because it’s surrounding needed water to cool it down. Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30Â °C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at 20Â °C. Finally, light lost a steady amount of water because plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf. I expected these results because it makes sense and I researched before completing the experiment. Some avoidable errors that could have happened would be accidentally splashing water on a plant or putting the conditions too close together. Some unavoidable errors could be the weather outside. Even if the experiment is conducted inside, the hot summer air or cold winter air could drift in the room, affecting the plants transpiration rate. Some further investigations I would make are things such as whether the type of plant affects the rate, or if the type of heat lamp or fan will change the results as well.

Work Breakdown Structure Essays

Work Breakdown Structure Essays Work Breakdown Structure Paper Work Breakdown Structure Paper Chapman (2004) describes a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) as a results-oriented family tree that captures all the work of a project in an organized way. The WBS therefore presents graphically the tasks in tabular as a hierarchical tree but it can also be a presented as task list in the form of a Gantt chart schedule. A simple example of WBS is shown in Appendix A. WBS as a planning tool In simple sense, the WBS could be used as a planning tool. Some projects could really be too big that could result to confusion if no planning is done. Imagine a contractor planning to build 1,000 houses with a month without a plan. How will he or she see to it that materials are available and delivered on time would be serious thing to consider. Add the fact that prices of materials could fluctuate in the market that could affect the contractor is sourcing the same materials in the light of cash flow requirements. To illustrate, it could not just be assumed that the materials will all be delivered at the construction site immediately as there could be problems as to storage and even security. One could be overwhelmed and confused if the amount of work and time is underestimated when it will turnout that it could be more. Mismanagement of projects normally comes from lack of planning and one who wants to comply in contracts could not afford not to have a plan. The nature of contracts with the use of WBS Contracts that are entered into between the parties create obligation between them. A typical construction contract for example that exist between the contractor (builder) and a contractee (owner the building) will cause the contractor to deliver the constructed according to specifications (Prager, J.1994) made by the contractee. Under the contract, the contractor must finish the building or project for given period time, using require materials, employing the required skills from its workers and completing other requirements that would satisfy the provisions of the contracts. The contractee in return may promise to pay the contractor based on progress billing or upon completion. Under either scenario, the work break structure may be of use to both parties. How may the contractor may make use of the WBS? On the part of the contractor, he or she may makes use of the WBS to plan the project for the construction of the house. In the WBS, contractor may specify the activities or the works to be accomplished within the a give period, which could daily, weekly, monthly or even yearly for big projects involving numerous number of housing units. With the WBS, which may be in form of a tree or Gantt chart, the corresponding cost and amount of materials may also be identified and plotted as guide by the contractor to see how he is or she is progressing in his or her work. Logically, the WBS could therefore serve as planning tool where the contractor could put down all the necessary activities that must be finished under given deadlines. In the case of progress billing type of contracts, the contractor can then use the WBS or the Gantt chart to document the extent of completion for purposes of billing the contractee. In the WBS, the contractor also binds himself or herself to do certain activities ahead of other, hence this could be used by the contractor to explain possible delay in finishing the contracts. A typical example is the delivery of materials beyond the control of the contractor. If the delay of the delivery was beyond the fault of the contractor, then the delay could be blamed on the said contractor, in which case the WBS could really a functional tool to justify delay so as to avoid damages. How may the contractee may make use of the WBS? On the part of the contractee, the WBS could be used to demand measurement of performance. As indicted earlier contract have deadlines, hence the contractee my charge some penalties for delay if such provisions were made part of the contract. On the basis of the WBS, the contractee may pay or may also refuse to pay in accordance with the contract. It could thus be said also that the WBS is the graphical representation of contract that was put in words and which was acknowledge in writing by the contracting parties. In so using the WBS, the contractee may check if the contractee is too fast that may tell something about the quality of project. Hence finishing ahead of time does not necessarily mean that the contractor is efficient. In construction contracts time could be very relevant in imposing standards. Cements need to dry well before other part of construction could continue and for some this may take time. Even in soil preparation good construction practice allow the passage of time to make it sure the materials need to be allowed some time to effective. This could be applicable also in the case of paints. The WBS could therefore guide the contractee in verifying that only the works to be done first should be done ahead to ensure quality of the project. In case of lack of fault of both contracting the parties, the WBS is desirable to have a contingency plan in order to prevent losses to both parties. In certain contracts however, time is of the essence that completion on time could be of paramount importance. Conclusion We have seen that work breakdown structure has its use and purpose in contracts. From the were discussed, it could thus be said that the WBS is a requirement for contract as a planning tool, as an evaluation tool and even as a legal tool for both of the parties of the contract to measure and determine the compliance of their obligations to each other. Based on discussion, the view could be confirmed that WBS may be designed to try to achieve certain goals such as: (1) being compatible with how the work that will be done and how costs and schedules will be managed; (2) giving visibility to important or risky work efforts; (3) allowing mapping of requirements, plans, testing, and deliverables; (4) fostering clear ownership by managers and task leaders; and (5) providing data for performance measurement and historical databases (Chapman, 2004). Appendix A, Source: Chapman, J. (2004) References: Chapman, J. (2004) Introduction to the WBS, {www document} URL hyperthot. com/pm_wbs. htm, Accessed June 5,2007 Prager, J. (1994) Contracting out Government Services: Lessons from the Private Sector, Public Administration Review, Vol. 54, 1994

Cathedrals by raymond carver essays

Cathedrals by raymond carver essays In Raymond Carvers short story Cathedral, the main character Bub goes from a somewhat constrained position on his wifes longtime blind friend Robert, to one of open-mindedness. At the beginning of the story, Bub fails to comprehend why his wife has such a long-standing relationship with a blind man, much less why she invites him to stay with them for a short while. Bub is even more puzzled by Robert when speaking with his wife about Roberts deceased wife Beulah, asking, Is she a Negro? (270). As the story progresses, Bub is slow to warm up to Robert, despite the numerous requests of his wife and Roberts almost normal demeanor. It is not until after dinner that Bub actually sees Robert as a person, and not a handicap. Despite this, Bub is not one to interact with Robert, for Robert and Bubs wife are engaged in a conversation that Bub feels uncomfortable in. At one point, Robert, Bubs wife, and Bub are all sitting on the sofa in that respective order, when Bubs wife, representing the bridge between Bub and Robert, falls asleep, and thus the collapse of the bridge separating the two. The news program they are watching on TV then ends, and a documentary on cathedrals begins. Because Robert is unable to see the cathedrals, he asks Bub to describe them for him. Bub then finds it difficult to describe them to him, until Robert asks Bub to draw out a cathedral. Bub begins to draw them, but with Roberts hand on Bubs. Robert then says to Bub, Close your eyes, (270) and it is not until this point that Bub finally understands Robert and the world in which he lives. Finally, Bub acquires a firm grasp of Robert and understanding of his world and it truly is something. ...

Toyota Production system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Production system - Research Paper Example TPS is an integrated socio-technical system developed by Taiichi Ohno, Shigeo Shingo, and Eiji Toyoda. This system includes its management philosophy and practices. It assists Toyota in organizing its manufacturing activities and logistics and in effective interaction with suppliers and customers. The major objectives of TPS include resolution on the overburden, inconsistency, and elimination of waste. As Basu points out, this system addresses seven kinds of waste such as waste of overproduction, waste of time on hand, waste in transportation, waste of processing itself, waste of stock on hand, waste of movement, and waste of making defective products (Basu 11). Toyota believes that quality management is the key to global competitiveness and hence the company deploys the TPS as a tool for meeting customer tastes and preferences. The most fascinating feature of the TPS is that it can accurately identify wastes in production and effectively optimize various scheduling processes. In the view of some experts, the greatest strength of TPS is the way it develops people. Unlike a push system where employees just work according to the instructions they are given, the TPS greatly fosters employee creativity and this situation benefits the company to improve its productivity. In TPS, T stands for ‘Thinking’ as well as ‘Toyota’. The TPS encourages Toyota workers to come up with revolutionary production techniques and unique ideas that would contribute to the firm’s market competitiveness. It is noted that this system is highly potential to develop efficient leaders who can thoroughly understand various processes and hence train others. In addition, TPS is a better tool to develop exceptional teams of employees that can properly follow the company’s philosophy. Similarly, this system greatly aids the organization to cut lead-time by eliminating all the bits

Assignment 4 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment 4 - Term Paper Example As per (Sanburn, 2011 ) â€Å"Microsoft, The information technology and software behemoth topped the institute’s list as the multinational corporation that keeps its employees the happiest†. As a human resource co – coordinator, I would look forward to a comprehensive compensation package which can attract skilled employees in the market. ( Thesis). Working in Microsoft as a human resource co – coordinator would come with a large responsibility and obligation. I would be in charge of formulating policies and plans in a partial way and this needs much knowledge about human resource managerial principles. A human resource department has the entire responsibility of managing and rewarding the employees. Some of the core responsibilities of human resource department are to recruit, train, compensate and evaluate the employees on a long term basis. Any company needs a good compensation plan as employees need to be motivated to get the best out of them. A compensation package has a key role to play in attracting the right worker to an organisation. Microsoft being a top most company in the world needs the best people in the job market. For this, the company needs to have a comprehensive and well planned compensation package. Creating a good compensation package means finding a balance. Employees in a new job look forward to the compensation package as they wanted to be rewarded well for their skill, knowledge and experience. Formulating a compensation package is not a simple as it needs to be competitive to attract best employees around. A compensation package should have adequate incentive to motive employees to perform at their best. The compensation package includes basic salary, commission, incentives, bonus , medical insurance and other facilities. As per (Enterpreneur,2014 ) â€Å"Employers of choice provide a comprehensive employee benefits package to attract and retain employees. In addition to a competitive

Time to Begin and Sustain Progress Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Time to Begin and Sustain Progress - Coursework Example The teachers currently handle many English as second Language (ESL) students; in both the urban and the rural areas. Multicultural education enhances critical thinking and decision making; and also encourages the movement towards the cultural pluralism of the USA society (Banks, 1997). I would like to concur with Richard Rothstein for claiming that the children for the European immigrants performed better than those of the Africans. This was caused by lots of factors which essentially favored them as compared to their black counterparts. However, it does not mean that they were lesser brilliant. There were certain education factors in the USA that prevented or minimized the good academic performance of the immigrant children. Many immigrant children, both from Pulaski County Special School District, Arkansas and the whole country, experienced language barriers in school. These children faced problems when communicating with their teachers or fellow students. They also majorly live in neighborhoods which were isolated linguistically; hence they developed weak command of the English language. The other reason for the disparity in the performance of the children of the European and African children is that they were taken to different schools. As this scholar exclaims, these children were taken to different schools. There was a high level of racial segregation which was manifested in nearly all sectors of life. In such a society, children would be segregated depending on their social status. Whereas the black children were taken to poor schools, their counterparts from the prestigious and ‘superior’ white families were taken to high cost schools in which they would receive high quality education. I would like to point out that this myth might still persist in the contemporary society. Although the government has introduced

The 4As Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 4As - Essay Example 4A’s always attempts to improve the agency business. With 750 members and 1250 branch offices, approximately 80% of 4A’s members are placed in all national advertising agencies. Virtually all of the large multinational agencies are members of the 4A’s. While at the same time, along with addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders, the organization fulfills its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as well. The association represents advertising agency business to public service work of the Advertising Council, Inc. and Spencer, AAAA Educational Foundation which offers allowances and fellowship to graduate multicultural learners studying advertising at college or graduate school levels. It also runs a group insurance and group pension/profit sharing plan for the benefit of employees in agencies. 4A’s has its individual composition of constitution, mission statement, by-laws and standards of practice approved by the Board of Directors along with membership together (American Association of Advertising Agencies, 2013). Mission and Purpose of 4A’s The mission of 4A’s is to improve and to strengthen the advertising agency business in the United States by counselling members on operations and management by offering collective experience of the many to each. It strives to establish high creativity and business standards by attracting quality workforce to the business. Considering itself as a management oriented agency, the association is focused on providing leadership, support and assistance to the advertising community in serious areas such as compensation, agency operation, talent management, business development, government policy and technology. The organization divides its purpose in short-term and long-term bases. Short-term goal includes endorsing friendly relations within the entire associated agencies and maintaining as well as preserving honesty along with fairness. Moreover, working with the govern ment and consumers on matters which affect advertising is also a key short-term goal. Long-term goal includes fostering social responsibility of advertising and marketing, and fostering scientific research along with innovation to continually improve advertising. Moreover, to provide their members with unlimited access to their full time team of information specialist, which helps a client to meet all the secondary research needs, such as industry statics, creative work, and demographic data, original research, surveys and white papers, comes under their prime purpose (American Association of Advertising Agencies, 2013; SlideShare Inc, 2013). Services Offered by 4A’s 4A’s provides insurance and pension/profit sharing plan for the welfare of their associates in agencies. The agency is mainly involved in planning, producing, creating advertisement and performing research along with selecting media. The 4A’s runs its own research departments. Consulting and advisor y services on a variety of management related topics, training and professional development programmes and research services, including access to specialists and numerous databases are a few more services offered by 4A’s. 4A’s devotes a part of its time and energy in facilitating government on matters that have an impact on advertising and marketing communication industry. It has committed a substantial effort in creating responsible practices in two vital areas, food and beverage related advertising to the children along

W.B. Yeats Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

W.B. Yeats Poems - Essay Example Yeats mostly employed traditional against the form poems unlike another corresponding modernist who frequently experimented with the prevailing free verse. Yeats poem The Circus Animals’ Desertion entails five stanzas with the iambic pentameter. The poem present inspiration enabled with the searching for the truth. Yeats past poetic accomplishments of the circus animals mainly parades the show of his entire life. Yeats accomplish that individual music numerous techniques, which clearly possess massive rhythms of the Irish speech, and encompass into a colloquial yet dramatic speaking voice. Moreover, Yeats recognized uncertainty concerning the principles of conventional scansion of the kind that depicts the measure of verse to be metrical foot, and wrote of his earliest verse (Jochum, 2006, 123-189). Yeats’s subsequent prosody as the analyzable in terms of the traditional iambic patterns and the corresponding strong variations that Yeats played on these meters, or a more individualist’s combination of accentual and syllabic measures probably matters less than the fact that Yeats accomplishes his idiosyncratic music by concurrently working in and at the identical time against a fixed form. Yeats writes either in an accentual against or syllabic verse, which has fixed the number of syllables to every line. In The Lake Isle of Innisfree possess long lines with strong accents spread quite uniformly. The analysis poems manifest at the level of the form with the rhetorical available that implies a particular kind of the political freedom, which faithful summary of the central aspiration of the poet. The rhythm of every line contains complaint, a lapse within the scansion, at which point the poet openings pure longing (Jochum, 2006, 123-189). Rhythmic difference mainly expresses Yeats idea of freedom thus a prosodic variation acquires political

John F Kennedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John F Kennedy - Essay Example ved to have shown evolution of his liberal ideas by adopting a collegial decision-making model which sought resolution of conflicts through consensus and thorough cross-fertilization to filter out a more refined and trustworthy output of argument, serving the best interest of the majority in the process. Moreover, his own essence of liberalism was made evident with the innovative approach on expressing his passion for revolutionary progress and reform. As such, he preferred to take bureaucratic issues out of the traditional system and gave them appropriate treatment according to his personal decision-making style which appeared to take effect with greater degree of flexibility and number of feasible options. JFK’s temperament may be claimed to have deeply affected critical perception when a portion of his acceptance speech on ‘A Liberal Definition’ was caught in devotion to include his proposing â€Å"for liberalism is not much a party creed or set of fixed platform promises as it is an attitude of mind and heart, a faith in man’s ability through the experiences of his reason and judgment to increase for himself and his fellow men the amount of justice and freedom and brotherhood which all human life deserves (JFK – A Liberal).† In particular, this area could be felt to involve his genuine disposition on the significances of dignity, liberty, heart, and mind which the president believed to be the chief sources of collective national strength from which to execute current plan of action and build refreshing hopes of the future for the liberal

The 4As Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 4As - Essay Example 4A’s always attempts to improve the agency business. With 750 members and 1250 branch offices, approximately 80% of 4A’s members are placed in all national advertising agencies. Virtually all of the large multinational agencies are members of the 4A’s. While at the same time, along with addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders, the organization fulfills its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as well. The association represents advertising agency business to public service work of the Advertising Council, Inc. and Spencer, AAAA Educational Foundation which offers allowances and fellowship to graduate multicultural learners studying advertising at college or graduate school levels. It also runs a group insurance and group pension/profit sharing plan for the benefit of employees in agencies. 4A’s has its individual composition of constitution, mission statement, by-laws and standards of practice approved by the Board of Directors along with membership together (American Association of Advertising Agencies, 2013). Mission and Purpose of 4A’s The mission of 4A’s is to improve and to strengthen the advertising agency business in the United States by counselling members on operations and management by offering collective experience of the many to each. It strives to establish high creativity and business standards by attracting quality workforce to the business. Considering itself as a management oriented agency, the association is focused on providing leadership, support and assistance to the advertising community in serious areas such as compensation, agency operation, talent management, business development, government policy and technology. The organization divides its purpose in short-term and long-term bases. Short-term goal includes endorsing friendly relations within the entire associated agencies and maintaining as well as preserving honesty along with fairness. Moreover, working with the govern ment and consumers on matters which affect advertising is also a key short-term goal. Long-term goal includes fostering social responsibility of advertising and marketing, and fostering scientific research along with innovation to continually improve advertising. Moreover, to provide their members with unlimited access to their full time team of information specialist, which helps a client to meet all the secondary research needs, such as industry statics, creative work, and demographic data, original research, surveys and white papers, comes under their prime purpose (American Association of Advertising Agencies, 2013; SlideShare Inc, 2013). Services Offered by 4A’s 4A’s provides insurance and pension/profit sharing plan for the welfare of their associates in agencies. The agency is mainly involved in planning, producing, creating advertisement and performing research along with selecting media. The 4A’s runs its own research departments. Consulting and advisor y services on a variety of management related topics, training and professional development programmes and research services, including access to specialists and numerous databases are a few more services offered by 4A’s. 4A’s devotes a part of its time and energy in facilitating government on matters that have an impact on advertising and marketing communication industry. It has committed a substantial effort in creating responsible practices in two vital areas, food and beverage related advertising to the children along

John F Kennedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John F Kennedy - Essay Example ved to have shown evolution of his liberal ideas by adopting a collegial decision-making model which sought resolution of conflicts through consensus and thorough cross-fertilization to filter out a more refined and trustworthy output of argument, serving the best interest of the majority in the process. Moreover, his own essence of liberalism was made evident with the innovative approach on expressing his passion for revolutionary progress and reform. As such, he preferred to take bureaucratic issues out of the traditional system and gave them appropriate treatment according to his personal decision-making style which appeared to take effect with greater degree of flexibility and number of feasible options. JFK’s temperament may be claimed to have deeply affected critical perception when a portion of his acceptance speech on ‘A Liberal Definition’ was caught in devotion to include his proposing â€Å"for liberalism is not much a party creed or set of fixed platform promises as it is an attitude of mind and heart, a faith in man’s ability through the experiences of his reason and judgment to increase for himself and his fellow men the amount of justice and freedom and brotherhood which all human life deserves (JFK – A Liberal).† In particular, this area could be felt to involve his genuine disposition on the significances of dignity, liberty, heart, and mind which the president believed to be the chief sources of collective national strength from which to execute current plan of action and build refreshing hopes of the future for the liberal

Psychology Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay Repression is one of the most recurring concepts in psychology. Something dreadful happens and the mind pushes the experience into remote place of the perception. It is one of the key base on which the structure of psychoanalysis rests. Two empirical studies show high degree of trust in the accuracy of the recovered recall heard by many therapists from their clients. Goodman (1991) conducted a large scale study of clinicians who have come across, in their practice, ritualistic and religion-related abuse cases such as allegations of highly peculiar and shocking immoral ritual abuse in the context of an alleged enormous, hidden network of well thought-out, Tran generational satanic cults. Statement of the problem Clients with SRA memories have reported in depth memories of abuse and experiences being used by cults during adolescence as serial baby breeders to provide undetectable infants for ritual sacrifices, (Rogers, 1992b). Bottoms et al. s (1991) analysis indicates that 30% of the clinicians interviewed had seen at least one case of child sexual abuse. Further investigation of 200 clinicians experiences shows that a considerable number of cases involved amnesic periods. Most of the clinicians believed that the so-called harm was actually done and that the ritualistic aspects were actually experienced by the clients. The focus of this study therefore will be based on the investigation of adult memories of childhood abuse. This will include re-examination of some of widely common belief of psychotherapist. For many years the therapist has believed that repressed memory is a great influence, since they are accessible to perception (Bowers, 1992). This research will investigate if there is any proof to support this augment. This study will be based on the following assumption: The psychotherapist ‘s interpretation is the cause of the patient’s disorder, those who cannot memorize a traumatic event at childhood are repressing their memory, those who dream about trauma are in fact in contact with accurate memory. Literature review A different approach to the issue of therapist belief was taken by Loftus and Herzog (1991). They carry out a detailed interview with 16 clinicians who had experienced at least one repressed memory case. The outcomes reveal that about 81 percent of the clinicians always believed in their clients. The most common foundation for belief was symptomatology, or body memories. Many clinicians believe that determining what is genuine and what is not genuine is not the job of a therapist. The conclusion from this study was that therapists believe their clients and often use symptomatology as a proof. The clinicians are overwhelmed with the emotional hurt that accompanies the expression of the memories. (Dawes, 1992) has argued that this wave of belief is based in large part on authority and social consent. There are those with stand positions who would like to reject the accuracy of all repressed memories and those who would accept them all as true. (Van Benschoten, 1990) agued that, these extreme positions will only worsen our troubles. According to Ganaway (1989) if memory is not authentic then it could be due to dream, false impression, or hallucination which is internally derived as a justifiable mechanism. Daro, 1988), agued that childhood sexual abuse is terribly common among different people and according to (Freyd, 1991); even the most conservative of them are high enough to support the enormity of child abuse. Many people who come for therapy were abused in the past when they were children and have always recalled their abuses and give all the possible evidence of being abuse in the past. The abuse may sometime be corroborated with pornographic photographs and thus may lead to un-authenticity of the memory. Repressed memory abuse cases could be authentic if the abuses are confirmed to be prevalence. However when memories ,do not return for 20 to 30 years, documented corroboration might be few, but this does not implies that the such memories are not true. Mack (1980) reported on a 27-year-old man who, recalled memories of seeing his mother trying to hang herself. Later, his father confirmed that in many occasion the mother had tried to killed herself and that the son had witnessed one attempt when he was only 3 years old. And this confirmation apparently led to a relief of symptoms in the son. Sometime memory might be said to be false and that does not implies that such person is actually lying. The psychotherapists who question the accuracy of reports have been overwhelmed with the honesty and intensity of the terror, rage, guilt, depression, and overall behavioral dysfunction accompanying the understanding of abuse (Ganaway, 1989,). Memories according to Ganaway (1989) could be brought about as a result of internal or external sources. The internal factor which produces an abuse memory may give a screen for more ordinary but, ironically, less tolerable, painful experiences of childhood. From the above literature we understand that if memory is untrue, then it will certainly lead to severe damage to the repetitive of potentially innocent people (Ganaway, 1989). This work therefore will investigate how to establish a factual memory, and its finding will be applied in the clinical, societies, and also for handling the patients of childhood trauma. Methodology  This chapter covers the following sections: participants, apparatus, design, and the procedures for carrying out this study. Participants A group of 80 a adult out patients with a reported memory of childhood a buse will be randomly selected Their level of continuous recall, will be tested ands the possible factors which led to the delay of recall will concurrently be investigated. Various abuses will be then be investigated (sexual abuse and physical abuse). At least one of the clinical therapist specialists will also be investigated on how they have been handling abuse cases. Apparatus The study will make use of the questionnaires, interview guides and observation to carry bout its research. These instruments will be administered by the researcher and the research assistant. Questionnaire schedules will be used to collect information from the outpatients because a great deal of the information can be obtained from the respondents directly through questionnaires in a short time. The information included continuity of memory, precipitants to delayed recall of childhood trauma, and the sources of memory confirmation. Oral interviews guidelines will also be used to collect information from the heads of the clinical therapist to verify information on the questionnaires. Interviews are advantageous because of face-to face interpersonal interaction. Non participants’ observation method will be used to collect information on the various respondents given either by the outpatients or the clinical therapist specialist. Procedures The research will start by preparation of the materials to be used for the study after carrying out a pilot study to verify the efficient of the materials. With the help of the research assistant, the questionnaires will be distributed to the selected respondents and they will be expected to fill them on the agreed period. Possible guideline will be issued to assist them understand the questions to be answered. Time, space and materials will be organized for the interview, and this will be set based on the respondent prevalence. Transport and allowances will be set aside as a way of appeasing the respondent. Cameras and radio tapes will also be used to capture the procedures. Data analysis and presentation  The data collected from the field will be analyzed and presented by use of descriptive statistics and other quantitative methods. These include the use of averages, percentages, deviations, variance and ranking. Percentages will be used to analyzed the number of the occurrences of the abuse, where the ranking be used to analyze the trend or the frequency of the abuse. Averages will be used to analyze the approximate number of people in the population affected by the trauma. This research will adopt the use SPSS and Microsoft Excel computer programmes.

Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?

Can Democracy Stop Terrorism? There is a general and growing concern about Terrorism and the fear it is spreading all over the world. Fighting it is one of nowadays main priorities and the most effective ways of doing it are being discussed by scholars, governments and people in general. The concept of terrorism has evolved throughout the years and no consensual definition has been reached. There are however certain features that clearly characterizes these unexpected and, many times, devastating events. Yet also the way terrorists are operating and the tools theyre using has been changing, which makes even more difficult to find the better way to stop them. When the huge and powerful democratic country USA became the target of one of the major attacks from all times, then many things were questioned and the sense that no one and no country were safe got easily spread among public opinion. Are Democracies more vulnerable to Terrorism? Is this type of regime the best one to stop the violence? Is Terrorism, or the measures to annihilate it, limiting the rights and liberties that democracy is meant to provide? These are intriguing questions. In this Essay, I will firstly explain what I mean by terrorism and democracy, before analysing the existence of a link between both. Then I will present arguments for and against the idea that democratizing the countries where terrorism comes from might be the solution to this fear spreading phenomenon. I will then show that probably it is not the case and that ending terrorism might involve much deeper measures than a simple change of political system. Finally, and to understand whether or not Terrorism is weakening democracies and its main guarantees, I will show recent examples that might allow us to understand it better. Throughout the paper I will also find in theories and great authors, like Hobbes and Schmitter, the necessary help to better understand these two complex yet challenging and current concepts. Defining democracy and terrorism Democracy can be defined as the political system where political authority belongs to people. The word comes from the Greek, where demos means people and kratos means authority. There are however different types of democracy and in this essay whenever I refer to democracy, I mean liberal democracy. This later concept adds to the general concept of representative democracy (in which people through elections decide their representatives) the fact (among others, but this is probably the most distinguishable) that there is the protection of liberties and rights through a constitution. Among those rights and freedoms there are the freedom of speech and religion, equality before law and others. Confusion between democracy and liberal democracy happens quite often because democracy is the word that resonates in peoples minds and springs from their lips as they struggle for freedom and a better way of life  [1]  . However what they look for in fact is a political system that combines dem ocracy on one hand with freedom, the rule of law, and good governance on the other hand in other words, liberal democracy.  [2]   Although terrorism is a difficult concept to define there are some common features among terrorist attacks that can be stressed: they involve an ideological component, use violence or at least a threat of violence, are generally conducted by an organized group (or at least by a group constituted by a strong leader and faithful followers), and aim, usually, civilians rather than belligerent groups. The main idea is to spread the fear in a generalized way and thats why their targets are common citizens that usually dont even know their purposes but sense fear and the unexpectedness of their acts more profoundly. According to Willem Schinkel  [3]  terrorism works bottom up, that means, that civilians are used as a mean to achieve their real audience (usually states, as symbols of a certain ideology or states themselves in cases of independence fights, like ETA in Spain). Depending on the nationality of those (people and institutions) involved in the attacks, we can differentiate two types of terrorism: transnational terrorism and domestic terrorism. In the former the incident takes place in one country [and] involves perpetrators, victims, institutions, governments, or citizens of another country, in the latter it involves perpetrators, victims, and an audience of the country in which the incident occurs  [4]  . For the purpose of my research I will mainly focus on transnational terrorism. Since within transnational terrorism there are different types, I will mainly focus my analysis on the one played by radical Islamist movements, like Al-Qaeda, for example. As it has already been said, the concept of terrorism has evolved through times. Namely the way fear and terror are being perpetrated is getting more sophisticated. The most common attacks are characterized by bombings, kidnapping and hijacking but the fear of weapons of mass destruction being used turns the finding of solutions even more urgent. Yet, what is frighteningly challenging in this new wave of terrorism is that fear is in the majority of cases unilateral (considering, like it was said before, terrorist groups like Al Qaeda). We can say that in this case fear wont probably be enough to end war, as Hobbes would say. According to this author, the society is composed by selfish beings and so the normal state is a state of war, but the war itself can be prevented because what also characterizes human beings is that they fear things, they fear death for example. However, in the case of terrorism (or in the case of one of the most common forms of it), its actors are not driven by fear, they are trained to face death if necessary and for the sake of what they believe to be a higher purpose.  [5]   Will Democracy be able to stop Terrorism? Mostly after 9/11 attacks in USA, that killed around three thousand people in both New Yorks World Trade Center and Pentagon, the majority of President Bushs speeches regarding the fight against terrorism involved the idea that only through the democratization of the countries generators of terrorism would that fight be successful. In February 2003, for example, in the American Enterprise Institute, Bush stated that The world has a clear interest in the spread of democratic values, because stable and free nations do not breed the ideologies of murder. There is then a great discussion regarding the capability of liberal democracies to end the grievances that feed terrorists actions. Assuming that the majority of terrorist attacks perpetrators come from the Middle East, where theres an undeniable lack of democratic principles, can then a link be made between these two phenomena? Would the democratization of these countries result in less terrorist events? Natan Sharansky in his book The Case of Democracy: The Power of freedom to overcome tyranny and terror defends that it would. He considers that the lack of democracy in these countries favours the flourishment of angry and frustrated minds and urges violence in order to achieve ones goals. He believes that democracy would bring peace to those nations and goes even further by saying that it is Wests responsibility to help the democratization process. According to Sharansky, and supporting Bushs intentions, the west and democratic world should make efforts towards the implementation of a democratic political system where it was never experienced and this would be the most effective way of ending this terrorism era.  [6]   Like Sharansky also Quan Li  [7]  defends that democracy would diminish frustrations and conflict by expanding political opportunities through elections and according to Rudolph Rummel living in a liberal democratic country would per se reduce conflict between people, because the interaction between people in a context of freedom is favourable to everyone. So, would a higher political participation contribute to the reduction of terrorist incidents? According to Michael Freeman  [8]  the mechanisms that drive transnational terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda are four: military, cultural, economic and political. The organized terrorist attacks are then the result of a sense of threat towards Islamic lands (military), a sense of threat towards Islamic culture and identity (cultural), a sense of frustration towards modernization and globalization, which the western world represent and that in the Middle East failed to improve the economy (economic) and a sense of inability to make themselves heard and to reach their demands (political). Considering these four mechanisms, democracy apparently seems to be able to have positive results but most likely wouldnt be enough to stop terrorism. I agree with Gregory Gause  [9]  when he argues that this political system would provide the possibility of a political participation from these groups but there is no guarantee that they would have enough support for their political agenda. And in that case, the question is whether they would accept peoples choice or would that situation make them even more frustrated and incite them to return to their previous modus operandi and attack their democracy and other nations too in order to get the accomplishment of their goals. Besides this uncertainty regarding terrorists reaction before unsuccessful elections, there is also the ideological component of their aims. And that is something that cannot be ignored. It is not just a question of being heard and achieving political representation, I would even risk saying that it is their mi nor priority. There is a rooted hatred towards what the western culture represents. Religious issues and fundamentalism are definitely on the basis of part of that hatred and that is something that should be smoothen namely by education. Islamism is far from the extremist ideas that these organizations stand for and children and young people should learn within an understanding and tolerant environment. Living in a free country, where rights and liberties are assured might not be enough if the mentality remains attached to the idea that Islamism is being threatened by countries like the USA and that that justifies the so called jihad. A crucial step to be taken is also the resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Osama Bin Laden assumed that this conflict was one of the main reasons for attacking the USA in 2001. This is a very sensitive question which generates great part of the sense of threat towards Islamic lands. It is then important to establish a peaceful relationship between Israel and Palestine so that a calmer Middle East can be achieved. Besides everything said before, the theories that see democracy as the solution for terrorism do not consider an undeniable reality: there are democracies that still have terrorist groups IRA in Ireland and ETA in Spain are two of the most resounding examples. Even though these are domestic terrorism organizations, they are examples of how it is possible that terrorist groups (with different purposes but with similar ways of terrorizing people) can emerge within a democratic system. Are Democracies becoming more fragile as a result of Terrorism? There is a strong discussion regarding the vulnerability of democracies before terrorism. The arguments in favour of a higher vulnerability of democracies when compared to other political systems are mainly two. First, some authors for example Paul Wilkinson  [10]  defend that the particular features of a liberal democratic nation such as free press, freedom of political organization and of movement facilitate the organization of terrorist attacks. Also Bianchi and Keller stated that the irony is that their [democracies] distinguishing traits and foundational tenets in many ways constitute fertile ground for international terrorism.  [11]  Namely the free speech right might be able to raise some violent reactions from the outside, when for example, like in Denmark, cartoons with Mohammed wearing a turban with a shape of a bomb (among other cartoons with the prophet) were drawn. This happened in 2005 and for several weeks not only the cartoonist responsible for the drawings wa s target of direct death threats and attempts but also Danish embassies throughout the world (namely the Muslim world) were burned. What started to be the result of a mans creativity and freedom of drawing whatever he wanted to (or the result of any other motivations, which Im not discussing here) turned out to be one of the biggest international crisis for Denmark after II World War, as Danishs Prime Minister at the time stated. The second argument regarding the higher vulnerability of democracies is defended by some authors who consider that it is not the result of democracies particular features (because in that case they would be as vulnerable to domestic terrorism as to transnational terrorism and they defend it is not the case) but the result of how they position themselves in the world, i.e., the result of their foreign policies. Democracies tend to engage themselves in foreign issues and get involved in conflicts, to which they believe they can give a positive contribute. Th is involvement might create certain resentments  [12]  . As B. Savun and B. Phillips stated The more frequently a state engages in conflict with other states, the more likely that it will create resentment and hostility abroad. Although this resentment may be most pronounced among the people who are directly affected by such hostile actions, it is likely that such hostile actions result in a broader resentment and negativity toward the participants of such crises.  [13]   Whether it is because of one type of argument or the other the fact is that many democracies have been throughout the years target of terrorist attacks. And this brings me to another question: At what extent are these attacks and the counterterrorism measures that they induce to be taken, making democracies weaker and making them lose some of their most important features, by obliging governments to restrict certain civil and political rights? This makes us rethink about governments priorities: security versus liberty. Should the state provide security, as being the most important good, like Hobbes would suggest, or should it be more worried with guaranteeing liberty for its citizens, above anything else, like Locke defended? My intention is not to prioritize between these two values but understand if there really is a trade off between both, i.e., if fighting against terrorism is in fact limiting some liberties. Some authors have tested that and reached some conclusions (like for example Weinberg and Eubank  [14]  ). First I would like to say that in this particular study of Eubank and Weinberg, democracy was measured by using Polity IV scales, civil liberties and political rights were measured according to Freedom House and Terrorism (please note that Im always referring to International Terrorism) was measured using the number of attacks occurred per year between 1968 and 2005. They included 24 countries in this test from West European countries to Latin America and South Asia. The results indicated a poor relationship between terrorism and civil liberties and political rights, indicating that probably there is no trade-off after all. These results were then against the authors first perception (that political rights and civil liberties have been suffering a reduction as a result of the spread of terrorism). In my opinion, however, (and even though the regressions might not be statisti cally significant in proving that there is an inverted relationship between terrorism and political and civil rights) a more empirical analysis would suggest that it can really exist and might even embody a trend to getting worse in next years. Statistics may not cover certain modifications and policies, which after a more careful analysis might be considered as reducing certain liberties, for example, in terms of privacy rights. For the sake of a safer country for example in the United States and since 9/11 attacks, several measures have been taken with controversial effects in ones privacy: wiretaps in private telephones, databases of phone calls made in American soil, inspections with warrant in suspicious packages received by Post. More recently, a failed attempt to blow up a Northwest Airlines airplane in its flight from Amsterdam to Detroit stressed the major preoccupation regarding the possibility of terrorists hiding explosive engines in their bodies and being able to carry them to the airplane. This incident brought to the discussion a new technology that is being developed, consisting in a full-body scanner. This scanner is able to see through clothes and do the same thing to a human body like the x-ray engine doe s to the luggage. Some say this is a clear invasion of privacy but theres a quite majority (among public opinion and states responsibles) believing that this is a necessary evil, regarding how terrorism is evolving and how, besides all the level of protection, a terrorist was still able to bring explosives to the airplane. Counterterrorism policies will evolve accordingly to terrorism threats. And this is the main reason why I said that not only terrorism is jeopardizing certain liberties and rights but also it will keep doing it even more, as terrorist methodologies keep improving and surprising police authorities. Besides privacy rights issues, terrorism is also contributing to the rise of prejudice demonstrations around the world. One may often understand this everyday, mainly against people coming from Middle East. Since some of the more recent and major terrorist attacks (USA in September 2001, Madrid in March 2004 and London in July 2005) were perpetrated by Muslims or Muslims descendents, a climate of anti-muslim and anti-arab feelings was installed. These feelings are reflected in some common citizens reactions and attitudes towards Muslims but also in a wider attention from authorities in relation to them. This is a clear restriction to ones right of being equally treated. Conclusion Coincidently or not both terrorism and democracy have become more frequent in the last decades. Terrorism has been assuming new shapes, hitting apparently stronger targets and spreading fear throughout the world, at a growing rhythm. In a similar rhythm have been countries all over the world turning their political systems into democratic ones. My goal in this Essay was to analyse the link between democracy and terrorism from two different perspectives. First, I tried to understand whether the implementation of a democratic regime in the countries where terrorism is mainly generated would stop terrorism. I concluded that it could help but it surely wouldnt be enough. I exposed the four mechanisms that stimulate terrorism and theyre not only related to political reasons of lack of participation and week democratic principles, they have also a deep ideological, cultural and religious component that turn it even more difficult to understand and, as consequence, to contain terrorism. I suggested that higher efforts could be put on education in what concerns to religious and cultural tolerance. Moreover, I consider, as well as different heads of state, that in fact it is important that the conflict between Israel and Palestine is solved, since this conflict is, most probably, the highest responsible for the instability in the Middle East. Second, I analysed if democracies are getting weaker as a result of terrorism or more specifically as a result of counterterrorism policies. Said by other words, what I wanted to understand was whether certain rights and liberties were being limited or not by the terrorism environment that characterizes modern times. I presented one study, whose results do not prove the existence of a trade off between rights and liberties and terrorism. However, even though statistics do not corroborate my argument, and this I believe is a consequence of the fact that indicators do not catch every single law modification, I substantiated it through practical examples, where the reduction of privacy rights, for example, are quite visible. At the end of this essay I realized how difficult it is to define a concept so broad and always in constant evolution like terrorism. Making a link between this difficult concept and the political system that in last decades has been conquering more and more countries throughout the world is very challenging. I am sure that the current era of insecurity that were living nowadays together with the technological development speed will certainly add many chapters to this discussion in a near future.